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WHAT 

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BY 

FRANK BONVILLE 



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INDEX 

Introduction 2 

Saying of Grace DeGraff 3 

The Ford Idea in Education (By Samuel S. Marquis) 3 

Pearson's Magazine, 1914 (By Allan L. Benson) 5 

The Case of Henry Ford 6 

The Metropolitan (By John Reed) . 8 

Henry Ford's Own- Story (By Rose Wilder Lane)... 11 

Dodge Brothers Suit Against Henry Ford 13 

Grit (By Earle William Gage) 22 

A Glance at the Food Crisis (By W. H. Benson) 22 

Charter of Bonville Industrial Corporations 25 

Questions and Answers (What is the Bonville System?).... 27 
What the Bonville 99- Year System Does (By J. O. Stearns, 

Jr.) • 30 

Code of By-Laws 32 



Copyrighted and Compiled by 

FRANK BONVILLE in 1917 

The price of this book in lots of 1 to 10, 25 cents each; 10 to KMMH), 

20 cents each. 

Do not enclose currency with your letter. Order must be accom- 
panied by Post Office Money Order, 2c Stamps or Express Money Order. 

Address all Correspondence to Frank Bonville, Publisher, 2940 
Woodward Avenue, Detroit, Michigan. 



WHAT HENRY FORD IS DOING 



INTRODUCTION 



Fight Corporations With Corporations — That Is What the 95- 
Year Contract System Is Doing. 

I want my readers to understand that my quarrel is not with 
the individual. It is with the system which is purely a misunder- 
standing among the human family. 

The reason I am taking up so much space in this book with 
Mr. Ford's work is because I am satisfied that the quickest way 
to defeat any wrong is to use the tools which are used by the 
system. 

I spent much time in and around the Ford plant, both day 
and night, so as to leave nothing uncovered in regard to the way 
in which the men are used. I can say this, after covering about 
25,000 miles during the years 1915-1916-1917 in the United States, 
Canada and Old Mexico, which I call my three years' investiga- 
tion, and after .visiting cotton mills in the south, factories in 
different states, including the New England states, hop yards of 
California, lumber woods of Oregon, Washington and Idaho, the 
mines of Michigan and Minnesota and the harvest fields of 
North Dakota, besides many other places too numerous to 
mention, Ford's employees in general have not only the cleanest 
places to work, but the easiest places I have seen. They receive 
the best pay and are the greatest number of satisfied men and 
women whom I have met. 

Ford's employees to whom I have spoken, and I have talked 
to hundreds of them, have the highest kind, of praise for Ford's 
principles. Ford is not worrying, about any trouble which might 
arise amongst his army, of people now working for him. 

That accounts for why I am so interested in Mr. Ford's way 

V 
of fighting this unjust system of distribution. I say, use Corpora- 
tions to fight Corporations. That is what the Ninety-nine (99) 
Year Contract System is doing. In a very short time it will 
change the methods of doing business and close avenues which are 
used at present to fool the people and work on the prejudices of 
the masses. 

Senator LaFollette said he believed we would need one clean 
dollar to fight every dirty dollar used against the interests of the 



WHAT HENRY FORD IS DOING 



public. In my opinion that is what Henry Ford is doing with his 
millions, righting this unjust system of distribution. 

The money lenders of the country are fearing his enormous 
fortune, along with his revolutionary plans and his fairness con- 
nected with, it, also the millions of followers he is making with 
his fight. 

A few remarks on the wage situation as I found it: 

The wages of the common laborer in most places that I have 
visited, outside of the Ford plant, (I am speaking of adults' 
wages,) ranges from $1.10 to $3.00 per day, which means from 
9 to 10 hours work a day. 

I have often told Mrs. Bonville, who was with me all the 
time during the three years' investigation, that I -could not under- 
stand how most of those people could make a living. The majority 
of them had families and about 80 per cent, were not sure of 
work more than 9 months a year. ♦ 



. . . "Henry Ford did what he started out to do ; he estab- 
lished a permanent bureau of Peace at The Hague." 

— Grace DeGraff. 



FROM BOOKLET, "PEACE VS. WAR." 

Henry Ford says : .... "A two-cent stamp, rightly used, 
will hold in the hands of the people the ruling power." .... 



THE FORD IDEA IN EDUCATION. 



A Talk to the National Educational Association in the 
Arcadia Auditorium, Detroit. 



(By Samuel S. Marquis.) 

The impression has somehow gotten abroad that Henry Ford 
is in the automobile business. It isn't true. 

Mr. Ford's business is the making of men, and he manufac- 
tures automobiles on the side to defray the expenses of the main 
business. . 

Some people call the fifty-acre group of buildings out in 
Highland Park the Ford factory. ■ Well, it is that, but it is a great 
deal more — it is a school. Mr. Ford is more interested in men 
than in machines. 

Any man can enter the Ford school, provided there is a 
vacancy. Married men are preferred to single, and boys with 



WHAT HENRY FORD IS DOING 



mothers to support are given a chance before those who have no 
one dependent upon them. . . . Because the money will do more 
good in meeting the needs of, more people 

A young engineer, a graduate of one of our universities, said 
to me. "If Henry Ford had had a technical training, he would 
have known better than to have attempted to do some of the 
things he has done successfully." And the young man did not 
see the humor in his statement. It is a good thing that once in a 
while some man with originality and courage, and unhampered 
by the traditions of the schools, confronts the mechanical, eco- 
nomic and social problems of the world. Because there is a man 
of this kind out at the Ford is the reason why the impossible and 
the unexpected happen there so frequently. 

Wljen the Ford plan was announced, the Jeremiahs got busy. 
All sorts of dire things were about to happen. The labor market 
would be upset. Chaos would reign in the industrial world. Ford 
employees, made suddenly rich, would squander their wealth to 
the detriment of the community and the lasting injury of them- 
selves. But nothing of the sort has happened .... When Mr. 
Ford made known his intention to give the man who made a 
mistake a chance to come back, another howl went up. The city 
would be overrun with undesirables. Crime would increase. 
Men, it was asserted, would break into jail in order to get into the 

Ford Ford idea in education was declared impossible. 

The men would not stand for it. It invaded their personal rights. 
It took away their liberty. It was paternalism of the worst sort. 

But it has worked The fact is we are giving a great many 

high school and college men at the Ford their first real cultural 
training so far as will, thoroughness, accuracy, honesty and a 
sense of the dignity of labor are concerned. 

It is not enough that a man think right ; he must be able to 
will what is right. . . . Ford idea of education. The environment 
of a man must be right if you expect him to come clean and 
strong out of it. 

Therefore, we keep a close watch on the home. . . . Mr. 
Ford's idea is that the home in which there are roomers or board- 
ers can never be a real home. Therefore, we insist that the wife 
be free to give her entire time to the home. 

The spirit of the Ford school is not that of paternalism but of 



WHAT HENRY FORD IS DOING 



fraternalism. "Help the other fellow." We try to be fair with 
our men, and their appreciation is shown in the hearty good 
will with which they do their work. 

The secret of Ford efficiency is the good will of his employees. 
The men are happy, made happy by the wage that put anxiety out 
of life. In return for what they receive the men work not only 
tfith a will, but with a "good will," and no efficiency methods ever 
devised can take the place of the "good will." 

This consciousness of having made his workmen happy was 
the pay he expected for doing it. The increased efficiency of his 
men as a result of their good will came as a by-product and 
exceeded all expectations. i 

Our special course for the man who is struggling to regain his 
place in the world would require an article of great length, were 
I to go into detail. Suffice it to say that of those given the chance, 
the great majority do make good. Mr. Ford's idea is that the 
cure for crime is work, not in stripes and behind stone walls, but 
in the open where men are made strong by confidence and encour- 
agement of their fellow men. Experience is proving the truth of 
his theory. ■ 

PEARSON'S MAGAZINE, 1914. 

"Henry Ford pays floor sweepers not less than $5 

a day." What do you think of a minimum of $5 a day? You, Mr. 
Average Workingman? . . . 

"The rule among big business men is to issue as much stock 
as the profits will pay dividends upon." .... 

"If Henry Ford had been the ordinary big business man he 
would have done these things." 

PEARSON'S MAGAZINE, APRIL, 1914. 

Henry Ford has cracked the shell of hell The whole 

world is talking about Ford Daily hours cut from nine to 

eight. . . . All that we have read about Ford is true. The great 
automobile manufacturer is giving away money by the million — 
not as Rockefeller gives it, to universities and churches; not as 
Carnegie gives it, to found libraries in his honor — Ford is giving 
the millions back to the men who hammered them out with their 

bones I should like now to have you look through the, 

crack that Ford has put into the shell of hell as I look through it. 

—ALLAN L. BENSON. 



WHAT HENRY FORD IS DOING 



THE CHICAGO DAILY TRIBUNE, MAY 24, 1916. 

Ford said: "The trouble with the world is we're living in 
books and history. We want to get away from that and take care 
of today. We've done too much looking back.". . . "The working 
people of the United States are not getting a square deal," he 

said "It took me forty years preparing for the work I 

had to do. .... 

"I've got a lot of ex-convicts working for me — 600 of them." 
"Ford's idea of refinement is to be honest with the world and 
have no secrets." ■ 

FROM "INVESTING FOR PROFIT," AUG., 1916. 
The Case of Henry Ford. 

. To make $200,000,000 in thirteen years and then be offered 
$200,000,000 for a small part of it— to make the better part of 
half a billion dollars in that time — is a record that staggers. . . . 

And all from an idea. 

Henry Ford was born about 52 years ago on a farm a few 
miles from Detroit, Michigan. He received only a common school 
education, and worked oh the farm until he was eighteen years 
old, when ... he got a job to assist one of the Edison Illumin- 
ating Company's engineers in running dynamos and gasoline 



The gasoline engine was new to him, and it interested him 
greatly. Finally he made up his mind that he could improve 
the plan on which the principle was applied. For two years he 
spent all his spare time developing his idea of an improved 
engine 

Flaving perfected his engine, the thought came to . . . put 
his engine on wheels. . . . This he did, and ... he and Mrs. 
Ford rode through the streets of Detroit for years in the first 
Ford to which his neighbors jocularly and satirically referred as 
"Ford's folly." .... The Ford of today is a replica of "Ford's 
folly" of the early nineties 

Mr. Ford made "the following statement: 

"My first car actually went. But it was four or five years 

afterwards before I made any attempt to commercialize the 

machine. . . . Our first factory was a small frame building. . . . 

. . . Within two years the business had outgrown it, and we 

moved into uvw buildings covering about three acres. In four 



WHAT HENRY FORD IS DOING 



years more these quarters had become too small, and in 1910 we 
moved to a 60-acre park, now covered with four-and six-story 
buildings." 

"My idea?" 

"The automobile of those days was built . . . for only a few 
people. Anything for only a few people is no good. . . . It's got 
to be good for everybody or it won't survive. 

"The Ford cars were cheap. They had everything else beat 
by at least $1,000 

"You see from the first I had the idea making in quantity.". . 

When Mr. Ford was beginning to be successful the owners 
of the Selden patent on the gasoline engine claimed that the Ford 
motor was an infringement on the Selden patent and sued the 
Ford concern. The case was fought through the courts for 
several years. Mr. Ford won. . . . Ford has built the world's 
largest automobile business 

With such a self-evident proposition you would think that 
he should have had no difficulty to raise capital to begin opera- 
tions. 

Not so. People laughed at him, his car and his company. 
Finally a few persons saw the light and invested. .... 

Banks and business men generally' turned down Mr." Ford 
and his company when he was seeking capital. They run after 
him now 

THE DETROIT NEWS, SEPT. 24, 1916. 

Xo. 1535, formerly of Marquette prison, has been added to 
the list of more than 500 ex-convicts who will punch a clock at 
the Ford plant 

A little more than a week ago, No. 1535 drifted into Chicago. 
He was without funds and retained only a hazy recollection of 
his last meal. He appealed to a Chicago newspaper for help. . . . 

Henry Ford, en route from Chicago to Detroit, read the 
story. Arriving here, he set his agents to work and they wired 
to Chicago for information concerning the whereabouts of the 
ex-convict. The latter was located by the Chicago police arid sent 
on to Detroit. 

Real tears glistened in the eyes of No. 1535 as he told of his 
good fortune. 

"I wish you would write something about it," he said. "I 
think everybody should know what this man is doing for men." 



WHAT HENRY FORD IS DOING 



METROPOLITAN, OCT, 1916. 

Henry Ford . . . says he will manufacture this tractor in 
millions and sell it for "the price of scrap iron."— JOHN REED. 

DETROIT FREE PRESS, OCT. 25/1916. 

Henry Ford . . . established women workers in 

his plant upon the same pay basis as the men. . . ." 

DETROIT NEWS, OCT. 31, 1916. 

'The statement made that prohibition will throw thousands 
•of men out of employment is an absolute mis-statement," says 
Henry Ford. 

DETROIT NEWS, DEC. 21, 1916. 

"F. L. Klingensmith, estimate of wage, $200,000 per day 'for 
Ford Company." 



DETROIT NEWS, DEC. 22, 1916. 

.... Ford has filled his pockets without dirtying his hands. 
He leaves no ruined men behind him. He has built without 
wrecking — won without a foul blow, a broken pledge or a violated 
conscience. 

The story of his struggle is epic with courage and tenacity. . . 



THE METROPOLITAN, OCT., 1916. 

BY JOHN REED. 

Twenty men in Detroit will tell you: "The trouble with 
Henry Ford is that he has never had any experience in business." 
"He's crazy !" says another. "He isn't educated," says a third one. 

"He is that most dangerous of revolutionists — a man who 
translates platitudes into action." 

"He detests charity for he knows it degrades men and saps 

their self-respect He holds that a man has a right to the 

value of what he produces. . . . "The Ford plant is self-support- 
ing; it borrows no money from banks "They sneer at 

Henry Ford because he doesn't know history." I spoke to him 
about it : "No, I don't know anything about history, and I wouldn't 
give a nickel for all the history in the world. The only history 
worth while is the history we make day by day. I don't want to 
live in the past. I want to live in the now.". . . . 

"What I want to do is to make the farmer as independent as 
I am." 



WHAT HENRY FORD IS DOING 



"I think the normal life of a man is to get back on the 
land." 



' DETROIT TIMES, DEC. 27, 1916. 
Germany a Year Behind With Suggestion by Ford That 
Wilson Turned Down. 

What is being done by President Wilson in collab- 
oration with the neutral nations today, is exactly what Henry 
Ford urged the president to do a year ago. 

In November, 1915, Ford went to Washington to ask Presi- 
dent Wilson to head a conference of neutral nations to act as a 
sort of clearing house for peace terms 

President Wilson refused and Ford said : "If the president 
will not call an official conference, I will try to form an unofficial 
conference of neutrals and see what can be done." 

This was the origin of the Ford Peace Party, which received, 
at Ford's expense, the ridicule and vituperation of the New York 
Press 

Henry Ford was not a visionary dreamer but a man a full 
year ahead of the times. . . . 



FORD TIMES, 1917. 

There are over ONE MILLION, FIVE HUNDRED 
THOUSAND Fords in service today. 

Practically ONE-HALF of all the cars on American high- 
ways are Ford cars. 

With more than one hundred different makers of automobiles 
in America, the Ford factory produces more than one-half of the 
entire product 

.... Ford service is ever close at hand. Eighty-six branch 
establishments and more than nine thousand Ford agents mean a 
Service as universal as the car 

Henry Ford With His Millions Insists That He Must 

Have Work to Do. 

Henry Ford feels that .... every man wfao 

honestly toils is respected for his labor by every other man. 



AUTO SCHOOL NEWS, DETROIT, JAN., 1917. 

. . . The Ford Motor Co. employs only people who are out 
of work. . t . 



10 WHAT HENRY FORD IS DOING. __ 

.... The youth who gets to the front in any line must be 
wide-awake, alert, with a mind that is clear and capable of tack- 
ling the problems that come up. The boy or young man whose 
brain is fogged by the use of cigarettes finds himself hopelessly 
handicapped.— HENRY FORD. 



SYSTEM, JAN. 1917. 
Some of Henry Ford's Rules for Success. 

.... If a man knows where he is going, nothing will stop 
him 

.... One of the first things every man must realize is that 
every one has some good in him and can do something well . .• 
but no man can do a lot of things well at the same time. . . . 

..... Most people eat too much and in consequence sleep too 
much and don't think enough. . . . 

.... My advice to every man is to work ... and think. . . 

.... Don't ever be afraid of criticism 



TAKEN FROM FACTS FROM FORD MEN AND OTHERS. 

. ... You are aware of the fact that the Ford Motor Com- 
pany is now engaged in building great additions to its present 
mammoth plant that will practically double its capacity during 
1917. 

It means that within a few months the Ford Motor Company 
will undoubtedly add upwards of thirty-five thousand (35,000) 
more employees to its present force 



THE DETROIT FREE PRESS, JAN. 22, 1917. 

.... Henry Ford's . . . idea was . . laughed at in the 
United States. . . Mr. Ford did not go ... . into detail of the 
one-man submarine. . . . German raider carries three submarines, 
each about 20 feet long and operated by one man which it has 
used successfully in the destruction of British ships 

"If the Germans have begun to use such craft it probably 
means that the big warship is doomed to the junk pile ". . . . 



Kansas City, Mo., Sept. 21. — Henry Ford here for an hour, 
en route to Detroit from California, last night, said, "I'm going 
to re-design my tractor ; to put the finishing touches on it. We 
\x\\\ begin to manufacture it commercially next year." 

"I am going to make the Ford car, the Ford truck and the 
Ford tractor so that every farmer can have all three of them for 
$600." .... 



WHAT HENRY FORD IS DOING. 11 

DETROIT NEWS, JAN. 25, 1917. 

BY JAY G. HADEN. 

". . . .Ford wages played a big part in inducing the United 
States senate to overturn the recommendation of its own com- 
mittee on appropriations and increase by ten per cent the wages of 
all government employees 

The wage paid in the Ford plant is $5 a day. . . ." 

FORD TIMES, MARCH, 1917. 

.... The demand for Ford cars was never so great . . . 

3,000 Fords a day are not enough The other thing money 

can't buy — more motor car service than the Ford gives. That is 
why persons of wealth are buying Ford cars in large numbers 
every day. 

''The Ford isn't a racing car — but it has won every race from 
the Caucasian to the Malay 

THE CHICAGO HERALD. 

" . . . . Mr. Ford," began the interviewer, "have you, dur- 
ing your stay on the Pacific coast, devised any new plans in regard 
to your charities ?" 

"Shucks," he said, "I haven't any charities. Charity takes 
more than it gives. It gives a moment's relief and takes away 
a life time of respect. I practice no charity. I give nothing for 
which I do not receive compensation. The man who offers charity 
offers insult." 



DETROIT FREE PRESS, MAY 23, 1917. 

"British rush work of Ford tractors . . . Mr. Ford's co- 
operation with the British government began some weeks ago 
when he cabled at his own expense detailed descriptions of the 
various parts making up one of his tractors. Later, Mr. Ford 
visited Halifax, presumably to superintend the shipment of 
models turned out at Dearborn plant, to England " 

TAKEN FROM "HENRY FORD'S OWN STORY." 

BY BOSB WILDER LANE. 

Publisher — Ellis O. Jones, Forest Hills, New York City. 

Price— $1.00 net. 

.... Henry Ford .... is not a Big Business Man ; he 
is a big man in business. 

1 . . . . Money doesn't do me any good," he says. "I can't 

spend it on myself I try to keep it moving as fast as I 

can, for the best interests of everybody concerned. . . . 

" .... I see no use in spending a great deal of time learn- 
ing about heaven and hell. In my opinion, a man makes his own 
heaven and hell and carries it around with him. . . ." 

.... I always knew I would get what I went after," he 



12 WHAT HENRY FORD IS DOING. 

says. "I don't recall having any very great doubts or fears. . . ." 
" . . . . "A wife helps a man more than anyone else," he 

says today 

" \ . . . I declare to goodness, I don't know what's got into 
you, Henry. You act like a man in a dream half the time," the 
wife said, worried. "You aren't coming down with a fever, are 

you?" "I should say not !" Henry replied 

"•..."'. From that time his distaste for farm work grew. 
Nature would not delay her orderly cycle because Henry Ford 
wanted to spend his days in the little farm shop. . . . While he 
worked through the night, in a stillness broken only by the crow- 
ing of a rooster in some distant farm yard and the spluttering of 
the lamp, the possibilities of his idea gradually grew in his mind. 
.... By the end of that summer he had made up his mind that 

he could not spare his time for the farm "My goodness, 

Henry, what* for?" "I want to get back to work in the 

machine shops. I can't do any work on my gasoline engine here." 
.... "You can't begin to make as much in the city as you do 

here, and suppose the engine doesn't work after all?" . . . "It'll 
work all right. I'm going to keep at it till it does," Ford said. . . . 

.... Mrs. Ford's opinion was now shared by the whole Green- 
field neighborhood as soon as it learned Ford's intention. . ."You 
had this notion once before, you know, when you were a young- 
ster," his father reminded him. ... "I guess you can build it if 

anybody can, but you can't evefr tell about these inventions. . . ." 

.... Mrs. Ford had no great interest in the gasoline engine. . . 

Henry was going to Detroit, of course she was going too, and 
she might as well be cheerful about it. . . . As soon as they 

reached Detroit and found a boarding house where he could 
leave his wife he started out to get a job. . . . In one day Ford 

had got the very opportunity he wanted— a job where he could 
study electricity at first hand. . . . Henry Ford was happy. The 

new job gave him a chance to work with machinery. ... If a 

man is working at something he likes, he's bound to work hard at 
it. ..... When Ford had been with the Edison company six 

months, drawing his forty-five dollars regularly ... he knew 
the Edison plants from the basements up. . . . When he drew his 

pay at the end of the month he found he was getting $150. . . . 

"Now," he said to himself, "I've got to have a place of my own, 

where I can work on my gasoline engine I knew my real 

work with the car had just begun. I had to get capital some- 
how, start a factory, get people interested — everything. Besides, 

I saw a chance for a lot of improvements in that car." 

Henry Ford rented an old shack on Mack avenue, moved his 
tools from the old shed, and, with a couple of machinists to help 
him, began building his cheap cars. . . . "Well, if we can pull 

through the men will have to do it," said Ford "Now men, 

we can pull through alright if you'll help out now," he concluded. 



WHAT HENRY FORD IS DOING. 13 

"You know the kind of car we are selling, and the price " 

"Sure, Mr. Ford, you bet we will!" "We're with you; 

don't you forget it," they said. Before they left the plant most of 
them came to assure him. . . . they would stand by the Ford 
company. . . . "War between capital and labor is just like any 
other kind of war," Henry Ford says today. . . . "Everybody 
helps me," he said. . . . "If I'm going to do my part I must help 

everybody!" "The whole system is wrong," he says. 

"People have the wrong idea of money." 

DETROIT JOURNAL, NOV. 4, 1916. 

" . . . . The suit started by the Dodge Brothers against 

Henry Ford .... was one .... mild surprise as a 

joke. 

The Ford Company now has a surplus of $52,000,000. . . . 

Mr Ford's statement follows : 

"To understand what this is all about, you must understand 
the general principles on which I have tried to have the business 
of the Ford company built up and extended, the principles on 
which we have attained the measure of success that is ours," said 
Mr. Ford. 

"In the first place I hold that it is better to sell a larger 
number of cars at a reasonably small margin than to sell fewer 
cars at a larger margin of profit." 

"Bear that in mind ; every time you reduce the price of the 
car without reducing the quality, you increase the. possible number 

of purchasers. There are many men who will pay $360 

for a car who would not pay $440 

"And let me say right here, that I do not believe that we 
should make such an awful profit on our cars. A reasonable profit 
is right, but not too much. So it has been my policy to force the 
price of the car down as fast as production would permit and give 
the benefits to users and laborers with resulting surprisingly 
enormous benefits to ourselves." 

"Dodge Brothers say I ought to continue to ask $440 for a 
car. I dbn't believe in such awful profits. I don't believe it is 
right ' 

' T venture to say that when the force of that paragraph of 
their contention strikes the average citizen or the men who drew 
it up, it will be looked upon as one of the huge jokes of the in- 
dustrial world. Think of it ! Trying to make us a public menace 
because we sell our goods at too low a price to suit them !' 

" 'But as a matter of fact there is the most intense competi- 
tion in the automobile business, and every cut we make is in the 
interest of the public, because it forces our competitors to their 
best effort and highest efficiency which really produces healthy 
competition resulting beneficially to the public in general.' .... 

''* 'But we don't propose taking any chances, even on that. 



14 WHAT HENRY FORD IS DOING. 

We intend making our own iron. We have already contracted for 
blast furnaces to be built at the River Rouge. They will be fol- 
lowed by mixers, which will insure us an even grade of iron by a 
simple process/ 

'Why, we used to buy many millions of dollars' worth of our 
parts from Dodge brothers themselves. It was on the profit of 
their sales to us that they built their enormous plant. We are now 
making the parts ourselves at an enormous saving and are giving 
our customers the benefit of that saving in the reduced price of the 
car. And will it be a bad business move if we save still more 
money for our customers and our laborers and ourselves by mak- 
ing our own steel ? To deny that it is a good business isn't using 
ordinary common sense.' 

" 'How much money did Dodge brothers ever put into the 
business ?' Mr. Ford was asked. 

' 'Ten thousand dollars, but I don't think any of it was in 
cash.' 

" 'And what dividends have they had on that ?' was asked. 

" 'They have had dividends since 1903, amounting to a total 
of $5,571,500 in cash paid to them. They still have a 10 per cent 
interest in the business, which they claim is worth $50,000,000 
for their share.' 

" 'Besides that, during this time we have paid them over 
$27,000,000 in cash for materials and parts made for us, on which 
I believe they made a profit of at least $10,000,000.' 

" 'They say my course is likely to injure them. They own 
10 per cent of the stock and I own 58 per cent. I can't injure 
them $10 without at the same time injuring myself $58, and I 
don't think anyone can reasonably accuse me of pursuing such a 
course ' ". 

"In further expression regarding the suit, he said : 

" 'The present plan of expansion is strictly in line with all 
its past methods. In view of such a record and such results, for 
a court to interfere would be contrary to all precedents and the 
simplest elemental law ' ". 



THE DETROIT NEWS, NOV. 15, 1916. 
Ford Smiles at Taunts of Firey Lawyer. 

Can't Keep Profits Down, He Tells .... 

Only Once Does Motor King Show Signs of Losing Temper. 

Counsel for Dodge cross-examining Mr. Ford from 10 
to 4. At that hour .... Mr. Ford on leaving the stand, 
smiled and said : 

"I haven't had such a rest for a long while " 

"I'm working for fun and for the greatest good of the great- 
est number " 

"Do you consider it your duty to provide work for a vast 



WHAT HENRY FORD IS DOING. 15 

army of men at high wages, to make more cars at less prices, to 
enable everybody to have an automobile? ...,." 

Mr. Ford — "Any time I have to squeeze every possible cent 
out of the public, I won't. I'll go to the highest court in the land 
first. Proceeding on the principles I have stated you can't help 
but make money. It will just roll in on you " 

"When you reduced the prices of your cars from $440 to 
$360, a reduction of $80 on each car, did you take into account 
that that would mean a reduction in the selling prices of $40,000- 
000 on a half million cars?" 

"I did not. We don't figure that way. We take everything 
into consideration." 

"You say you didn't figure that that would reduce the selling 
price of the production by $40,000,000?" 

"Yes." 

"How much money did the plant make during August and 
September, the two months after the price went into effect?" 

"$3,600,000." 

"Is it true, as the News quoted you, that you think the profits 
of last year were too high; that you wanted to reduce the price? 
And that that was the reason for the price reduction? Won't 
your conscience let you make such awful profits?" 

"Conscience has nothing to do with it. It isn't good business 
to maintain a price higher than is necessary." 

"Then you don't want such large profits?" 

"We haven't been able to keep the profits dozvn." .... 

THE DETROIT JOURNAL, NOV. 15, 1916. 

. . . .John F. and Horace E. Dodge sought to compel Henry 
Ford to buy their stock holdings in the Ford Motor Company for 
$35,000,000, under the lash of threat to harass him in whatever 
he undertook to do for the concern if he refused, was the flat 
statement .... on the stand in the suit to prevent him from 
expending the company's immense surplus in extensions instead 
of dividing it among the stockholders 

Mr. Ford. "If you sat there until you were petrified, I 
wouldn't buy the Dodge stock " 

"Who asked you to buy the Dodge stock?" asked the lawyer. 

"They did themselves. They called me in January and asked 
me to come and have a talk with them. I went over to their place, 
and then they asked me to buy them out. They put a price of 
$35,000,000 on their stock, and they told me unless I bought they 
would harass me in anything I tried to do " 

"Well, we'll see what Mr. Dodge has to say about that," com- 
mented the lawyer 

"No, I was just giving you a pointer," said Mr. Ford. 

For almost the first time in his long and hard examination, 
the motor maker began to show signs of temper at intervals. . . . 



16 WHAT HENRY FORD IS DOING. 

Ford in answer to question "Any good mechanics 

could have done the work from my drawings, and I had already 
constructed the model car myself. I had worked on the car for 
10 or 15 years, and was an engineer of the concern that is now 
the Cadillac Motor Car Company before organizing the Ford 
Motor Company in the winter of 1902-1903. 

"The Dodges took $10,000 stock. I think it was paid for in 
work, making machines and parts, but I'm not certain. 

"It has been said," queried the lawyer, "that the Messrs. 
Dodge risked all they had when they went in with you. Is that 
true? 

"My recollection is that Mr. Malcolmson guaranteed them 
against loss, at the outset," was the reply 

"Then, I'll put my plans through with my own money," re- 
joined the motor maker, with a tinge of resentment in his 
tone. He said that he had been offered $200,000,000 for his inter- 
est in the Ford company, and had refused it, because he "wanted 
something to be working at." 

And when the attorney flung a harpoon into the Ford idea of 
wage-raising and almost paternal care of the workers, questioning 
the legal right of Mr. Ford to "play with company funds," under 
cover of his relation to the corporation, the witness replied with a 
straightening of the line of his thin lips, "If my contract with 
the Ford company compels me to squeeze the last dollar out of 
everybody I come in contact with, I'll go to the highest court in 
the land to fight it !" 

THE DETROIT TIMES, NOV. 16, 1916. 

Henry Ford in his testimony before the Circuit 

Court . . . made it clear that he did not depend upon America 
alone to dispose of his contemplated output of 1,000,000 auto- 
mobiles a year, but that he regarded the whole world as his 
market 

He denied all of the Dodge accusations of recklessness and of 
visionary business schemes. . . . 

If Henry Ford is prevented from putting profits of the Ford 
Motor Company amounting to about $50,000,000 back into the 
business it will be after he has taken his case to the highest court 
in the land, he declared during the hearing, Tuesday afternoon. 

Mr. Ford said it was his ambition to extend his business so 
that he can manufacture 1,000,000 cars a year. 

DETROIT JOURNAL, NOV. 29, 1916. 

HENRY FORD HELD CREATOR OP THE 8TH WONDER OF THE 

WORLD. 



ATTORNEY UPHOLDS RIGHT TO EXPAND ACTIVITIES: WELFARE 
PROJECTS PRAISED. 



"The Ford Motor Company ... is one of the wonders of 
the world, beside which the other seven wonders pale into absolute 



WHAT HENRY FORD IS DOING. 17 

insignificance," declared Attorney Alfred Lucking in closing his 
argument in the Dodge Brothers-Ford injunction suit in the 
circuit court today 

"The court may take the control of this great business out 
of the hands of Henry Ford to prevent him from carrying out 
the plans and ideas his board has adopted, but they cannot force 
Henry Ford to take the affirmative steps to grab the last dollar 
from the pockets of the citizen, or to grind the face of labor down 
into the dust at the demand of a few stockholders — these gentle- 
men to whom I shall not apply any adjectives whatever. 

They cannot force him to employ labor at the lowest starva- 
tion prices for which labor can be obtained, merely to swell the 
stockholders' dividends, when by paying his toilers a living wage 
the business is turning in such enormous profits that the average 
brain is staggered at the very recital of the figures. They cannot 
force him to refuse to pay a woman the same wages as a man 
when she is doing a man's work as well as a man would do it. 

"This injunction is holding up improvements which have 
been actually under way for a year or more, within the actual 
knowledge of the general public," said Mr. Lucking 

"You would think that the men who have by virtue of this 
policy drawn many millions of dollars in profits from a few 
thousands invested, and who are still drawing 1200 per cent a 
year in cash dividends, would say to the man whose vision brought 
it about, 'Go on, and God bless you V " 

DETROIT NEWS, JAN. 13, 1917. 

DODGE SUIT BURLESQUED. 
"Ford sewed the seed 
He made it grow 
This you all know. 

At first, it failed to grow, 
The Dodges helped to hoe, 
But that was long ago " 

DETROIT NEWS. MAY 21, 1917. 

. . . Suit to stop Motor King the final hearing which 

will determine the fate of Henry Ford's policy of expansion, in- 
creased output, big wages, and lower prices on his product 

The fight has not only taken the principals into court, but before 
the •state legislature, where Dodge Brothers failed 

Mr. Ford is represented by Alfred Lucking. 

DETROIT NEWS, MAY 23, 1917. 

Efforts were made ... in the Ford-Dodge suit 

in circuit court this morning to show that Henry Ford is endeavor- 
ing to serve the public in the war crisis. . . . Edwin G. Pipp, 



18 WHAT HENRY FORD IS DOING. 

editor of the Detroit News, was called to the stand ty the attorney 
for the Dodge brothers. . . . Mr. Ford said it was his belief that 
persons of large incomes should be taxed heavily. . . ."I am 
heartily in favor of taxing big incomes. . . . We who have them 
should give freely." . . . .Mr. Ford said he did not believe that 
the public would or should stand for excessive profits, said Mr. 
Pipp. ■ 

DETROIT TIMES, MAY 24, 1917. 

John F. Dodge . . in. . . . court . . on cross-exam- 
ination . . . admitted that he had opposed the proposal to give 
the workmen in the Ford plant a $5-a-day wage 



THE DETROIT NEWS, MAY 26, 1917. 

.... Ford plant too small says . . . Harold Wills, Ford 
factory manager, in the Ford-Dodge suit 

On his direct examination, Mr. Wills testified that there never 
has been enough room at the Ford plant to supply the demand ; 
that the company could have sold 100,000 trucks and 100,000 
closed cars last year if it had had them 

"There are a good many parts now bought outside that could 
be produced cheaper by us," he said. "On one bolt, on which we 

began manufacture last year, we saved $500,000 I have no 

reason to doubt the practicability of the operation of the blast 
furnaces. ... At no time have we been able to keep up with our 
orders." 

It was stated that Mr. Ford's policy of expansion had been 
given the full support of Mr. Wills and others. . . . Mr. Lucking 
said that no court could interfere with a board of directors even 
though they were running their business into the ground, unless 
bad faith or fraud were shown. . . . Horace H. Rackham, one of 
the directors, testified on direct examination that the directors of 
the company were not dummies in Mr. Ford's hands, that in 
making the last price reduction they had followed a policy that 
had always governed the company. . . . "Don't you think there 
is ever going to be any limit to this expansion ?" asked Stevenson. 

"There probably is a limit, but it is so far away it can't be 

seen now," said Mr. Rackham 

Mr. F. L. Klingensmith testified that was the practice of the 
board of directors . . even when John F. Dodge was a member, 
to. decide matters of importance such as the purchase of land, con- 
struction of buildings and the buying of materials in Mr. Couaen's 
office, and to refer those matters to the board of directors later for 
ratification. ... Mr. Lucking questioned the witness about a 
number of property purchases which Mr. Ford made and later 
sold to the company. On some of the purchases, the witness said, 
Mr. Ford held the land more than three years,. paying the taxes 
himself and then selling to the company at the original cost. In 



WHAT HENRY FORD IS DOING. 19 

some cases, the company at first refused to buy the land, the 

witness said Mr. Ford's foresight prompted him to buy the 

land himself and hold it until the company saw that it was the 
right thing to do," said Mr. Klingensmith. 

DETROIT FREE PRESS, MAY 27, 1917. 

. . . .For running expenses of the Ford Motor Company be- 
tween $800,000 and $900,000 in cash is needed daily, according 
to the testimony of Frank L. Klingensmith, vice-president and 
treasurer of the Ford Motor Company, during the hearing of the 
Dodge-Ford suit. . . . The Dodge Brothers urge that the smelter 
should be abandoned and that $58,000,000, surplus earnings of the 
company which were retained to be invested in larger building 
operations, should be distributed in dividends among the stock- 
holders 

THE DETROIT JOURNAL, JUNE 5, 1917. 

. . . John F. Dodge, one of the plaintiffs, was suddenly called 
to the stand by Mr. Lucking and asked whether he objected to the 
$80,000 straight salary besides a bonus paid to Factory Manager 
Wills. 

"No. I didn't object to it," was the reply 

THE DETROIT NEWS, JUNE 7, 1917. 

. . . Mr. Lucking argued that the Ford Motor company 

had prospered by giving the most for the least money." 

"There is no doubt," said the court, "that Henry Ford has it upon 
a policy which warms the heart of the world to him." 

THE DETROIT NEWS, JUNE 7, 1917. 

.... Says Ford plant will close if Dodges win 

THE DETROIT JOURNAL, JULY 24, 1917. 

FORD HALTED IN 150 MILLION PEACE GIFT, ASSERTS ITALIAN. 

ROME, July 24. — America's war declaration intervened to 
stop a contribution of $150,000,000 by Henry Ford to Socialists 
to secure peace, according to the Socialist Deputy Morgari, back 
from Stockholm today. 

DETROIT FREE PRESS, JUNE 8, 1917. 

"The Dodge brothers are in court here," Mr. Luck- 
ing charged, "because they are competitors of Mr. Ford." 

Mr. Lucking declared that questions of business expediency in- 
volving fixing prices, distributing profits and limiting production 
were not within the jurisdiction of a judicial tribunal, unless bad 
faith were proved 



20 WHAT HENRY FORD IS DOING. 

DETROIT TIMES, JUNE 26, 1917. 

HOUSE PASSES ROUGE PROJECT. 

VOTES $490,000 FOR DEEPENING RIVER TO 
NEW FORD PLANT. 



The house . . passed the $490,000 appropriation re- 
quired ... to permit the docking of deep draft ships at the pro- 
posed Ford smelter and tractor plant. 

There was no serious opposition. ..... 

TAKEN FROM THE SAGINAW DAILY NEWS, APRIL 21, 1910. 

" William J. Bryan says, if the newspapers of this 

country did their duty to the public, there is not a wrong that 
could last one year in the United States. It is only because we 
have so many newspapers that, instead of exposing wrong, cover 
it up, and have an interest in the plunder of the grafters, that evil 
exists " 



DON'T FORGET THAT. 

Popular approval of a custom or a law or an institution — or 
an idea — does not at all prove that the custom or law or institution 
or idea is just. Don't forget that. Forget a lot of other things — 
if you wish — but do not forget that. 

_PROF. GEORGE R. KIRKPATRICK. 



"There is nothing so powerful as truth and often nothing so 
strange."— DANIEL WEBSTER. 

TAKEN FROM THE OREGONIAN, JULY 9, 1912. 

.... Seventy-five per cent of the producers earn less than 
$600.00 a year, while it takes $900.00 to maintain a family 

decently A man who is earning only $600.00 a year when 

his family needs at least $900.00 ought to be dissatisfied, and it is 
his duty to try by all lawful and honorable methods to get more. 
We do not admit that $600.00 is enough money 

SAYINGS OF GREAT MEN 



People must produce as much as they consume to be happy." 

—LEO TOLSTOI. 



"The truly generous are the truly wise." — JOHN HOME. 

"The working people are producing the best and are begin- 
ning to wonder why they can't get the best." — TOM LEWIS. 

"The truest lovers of our flag are not those who spring to 
their feet when the band plays the National air. 

—LOUIS F. POST. 



SAYINGS OF GREAT MEN. 21 

"Robbing by savings bank failure has flourished for many 
years."— OREGON JOURNAL, Dec. 23, 1915. 

"I hope to live to see the day when we can get along without 
lawyers."— COL. C. E. S. WOODS. 

"Let us, if possible, banish all fear from the mind." 

—ROBERT G. INGERSOLL. 



"As to what others will do I do not know; but as for me, 
give me liberty or death."— PATRICK HENRY. 

"..... It is just as difficult to secure an audience with Henry 
Ford, or reach him through the mails, as it is to reach President 
Wilson "—THE MENACE, Feb. 17, 1917. 

"There is only one thing to ask concerning a man and his act ; 
Was he on my side?"— CLARENCE DARROW. 

"Let us all be our own doctor."— W. EARL FLYNN. 



"Use organized power to get back the land, the forests, the 
minerals and water power franchises which were stolen from the 
people by fraud, force or cunning." — FRANK P. WALSH. 

"... .It's not half so funny to be a trust magnate as it was 
a few years ago."— EVENING TELEGRAM, May 3, 1910. 

"The moment our capital is increased by having lent it, be 
it but the estimation of a hair, that hair breadth of interest is 
usury."— JOHN RUSKIN. 

— Notes from History on Usury and Interest. 

"Morgan and his directors control $25,325,000,000 of the 
nation's wealth."— PORTLAND NEWS, Dec. 18, 1912. 

.... I feel indebted for the liberty we are enjoying this 
day to Thomas Paine."— ROBERT G. INGERSOLL. 

— Taken from "Ingersoll's Lectures." 

"It's easier to build than to tear down." 

. —ALEXANDER BURKMAN. 



"Twenty dollars at five per cent compound interest for seven 
centuries would buy the earth at twenty dollars an acre. There is 
no difference between Usury and Interest. Luther declared the 
usurer worthy of the gallows. Cato being asked what he thought 
of it replied, 'What do you think of murder?' " 

—FROM ELLIOTT'S "USURY." 



"I would not trust my economic interest to any politician or to 
any political party. ' Emancipation of the working class must be 
by the act of themselves."— FRANK P. WALSH. 



22 THE FOOD SITUATION, ___ 

Clyde H. Tavenner . . . remarks . . . that out of every 100 
men 46 were earning less than $2.00 a day .... in. . . the . . . 
United States. 



'Consider all the facts and then think for yourself." 

—PAINLESS PARKER. 



'What a man can't use is no good to him." 

—EUGENE DEBS. 



FROM GRIT, OCT. 8, 1916. 
By Earle William Gage. 

. . . The American consumer pays $27,000,000,000 for that 
for which the farmer receives only $9,000,000,000. In other 
words, our modern American farmers are doing business on a 30- 
cent-a-dollar basis. The consumer pays one dollar for that for 
which the farmer receives 30 cents. . . . 

But conditions are now at such a point that both producers 
and consumers feel there is something radically wrong with the 
business of marketing products. . . . 

Isn't it about time the American consumer stopped paying 
tribute to the American middleman which is one of the causes of 
the high cost of living? 



A GLANCE AT THE FOOD CRISIS 

By W. H. Benson. 

June 23, 1917. 

Let us analyze before we criticise the food situation. 

We cannot do justice to any topic unless we analyze both 
sides. 

Ever since our Republic has been established, we have known 
but one way of handling the necessities of life. 

The farmers have produced the good things to eat, and plenty 
of them, that has been their duty as farmers. 

Here comes the difficulty, the distribution, in other words, 
the excuse for the high cost of living. 

Let us take for an illustration the Little Big Fellows, who 
do nothing in this world but buy and sell Necessities, such as 
Wheat, Potatoes, Beef, Pork and hundreds of other things which 
they never see. 

All this work is controlled from behind desks in our principal 
cities of the United States. These men who do such enormous 
luiying of necessities, own large warehouses in which to store 
away the things which are so terribly high todav. These Neces- 
sities are kept in storage until there is a demand for them, in other 
words, waiting for a chance to unload while the demand is brisk. 

Kind reader, you have often read in your daily papers about 



THE FOOD SITUATION. _23 

the market being stiff ; well, here is where Mr. Speculator gets in 
his lick, which means excess profit for him, and hard knocks for 
us. We, of course, must pay his special price or go without the 
Bread. 

When the Wholesaler buys, he must pay the Food Speculator 
an excess profit; when the Wholesaler sells his stock to the re- 
tailer, he also looks for a fancy profit; the Retailer must get a 
reasonable profit before the Consumer can get his commodities, 
which are, in every sense of the word essential to his possible 
existence. 

Why so many profits ? 

Why let this system exist any longer? 

Remember I am not kicking the Farmer, or the Retailer. We 
need both of these under any system we may choose to have. But 
why support the non-productive Food Speculator ? Why let them 
suck out our life's blood? 

In my mind, a man, or a set of men who figure on "Millions" 
from the necessities of life are worse than common Traitors. 

What think you, Mr. Reader? 

Express your opinions now and help out the President, and 
Mr. Hoover to put the Food Control Bill through. 

You have been looking on the one side which has prevailed 
for years. Now, let us analyze the other side, the side which will 
give us a better living with a smaller cost. 

The Farmer, of course, is used here, he will produce the 
needed necessities at a fair and just price. When the crops are 
harvested our Government can take them over to their ware- 
houses, or cold storages, whichever the case might require. The 
perishable goods would have to go to the cold storages. 

Now, here comes the distribution, but not as before. There 
will not be any excuses handed out to the public for unfair profit. 

Our Government can establish themselves as the Wholesalers. 
I am using the word "Wholesalers" to make it clear to you. These 
Wholesale Houses I have in mind will be stations for the distribu- 
tion, run under Government Supervision, by the Government, for 
the people. 

The Retailer's position or relation to us will not be changed 
in the least, we will go to him as before to secure for ourselves 
the needed necessities, at an honest price, one within the poor 
man's reach, a just price to all. 

No more speculation ; our Government will see to that, have 
no fear. There will be no excess profit by the Government for 
distribution, please remember that. 

The Government will have to employ clean-cut, conscientious 
men to handle this proposition, and they will be paid decent 
salaries. 

Has our Government charged you excessive mail rates? What 
about the reduction in express charges since the Government has 



24 THE FOOD SITUATION. 

been a competitor with the Parcel Post? What about the Postal 
Savings, and the Federal Reserve Banks for security? 

If you can trust the Government to handle your mails, what 
about the necessities of life that mean even more to you than that 
mail ? 

Get that superstition from your bodies and lock it up. Help 
the President, and Mr. Hoover and you will help yourself. Write 
the Senators and Congressmen who represent you, in your special 
districts to put such a Bill through. Be a useful citizen in your 
territory. Do something for better living. Do something for 
Plumanity. Help the other fellow, and in so doing you can help 
yourself. 

Please remember this, no one man or set of men should 
control the necessities of life. Too much depends upon this. The 
temptation for wealth is too great. We do not want "get rich 
quick" men* handling our Bread and Butter, when we have aged 
fathers, mothers, wives and children to support. 

What say you to this ? 

Question. — Why do some of us have to support aged fathers 
and mothers ? 

Answer. — Because they had to pay the price. The price I have 
in mind, dear Reader, is the one which makes the Food Speculator 
speculate. 

Insist upon Government ownership of Cold Storages ; elimin- 
ate the waste and excess profits. 

I sincerely believe that if God had made one set of men do 
all eating and no work, he would have made them with mouths 
and without hands. And I believe that if God had made another 
set of men to do all the work and none of the eating, he would 
have made them with hands and without mouths. But, it has 
been proven to me that God did not see fit to make this discrimin- 
ation, so, why let a crowd of money-mad Food Speculators force 
this discrimination on us? This isn't a Hallucination or a Delu- 
sion. 

MORAL : Get busy and do something. 



CHARTER OF BONVILLE LEAGUE. 25 



CHARTER OF THE BONVILLE INDUSTRIAL CORPORATIONS 

LEAGUE. 

Incorporated February 27, 1914. 

Under the Benevolent Corporation Law of Oregon. 
For the purpose of disseminating a knowledge of the merits 
of the Bonville 99- Year System and causing the incorporation of 
industrial enterprises in accordance with its By-laws. 

STATE OF OREGON. 

Corporation Department. 

Certificate of Filing Articles of Incorporation. 

To All Whom These Presents May Come, Greeting: 

KNOW YE, That Whereas, J. O. Stearns, Jr., Frank Bon- 
ville, and F. W. Jobelman having presented Articles of Incorpora- 
tion, of a Corporation organized and formed under, and pursuant 
to the laws of the State of Oregon, and paid the organization fee 
provided by "An Act to provide for the licensing of Domestic 
Corporations and Foreign Corporations, Joint Stock Companies 
and Associations," etc., approved February 16, 1903 : 

NOW, THEREFORE, I, R. A. WATSON, CORPORA- 
TION COMMISSIONER OF THE STATE OF OREGON, do 
hereby certify, that said Articles of Incorporation have been filed 
in the office of the Corporation Commissioner; that the name 
assumed by said Corporation is BONVILLE INDUSTRIAL 
CORPORATIONS LEAGUE, and its principal office and lodge- 
men is in Oregon, at the City of Portland, and its duration shall 
be unlimited. Branch Leagues may be established, business trans- 
acted and meetings of boards of control and members held at such 
places within or outside of the State of Oregon as the By-laws of 
the League shall provide. 

ARTICLE II. The objects and purposes of the corporation 
are and shall be : To solicit members, issue membership cards, 
and fix by its By-laws or by resolution the initiation fee and 
membership dues chargeable to persons desiring to become mem- 
bers of the League. To print and publish newspapers, magazines, 
tracts, pamphlets, books, periodicals and leaflets germane to its 
ends and aims ; and to that end to establish, equip and maintain 
a suitable printing, engraving and lithographing plant. To dis- 
tribute literature bearing upon the main purposes of the corpora- 
tion as hereinafter set forth. To solicit and print in its own pub- 
lications advertising matter, and to charge and receive therefor, 
monies; SAVE AND EXCEPT that the corporation shall not 
print or publish or cause to be printed or published alcoholic, 
liquor, tobacco, patent medicine, or habit-forming drug advertise- 



26 CHARTER OF BONVILLE LEAGUE. 

merits, or matter advocating the use of any such. To establish 
and maintain a lecture department, and to engage and pay, lec- 
turers, teachers and persons in other capacities necessary to the 
purposes of the corporation. To become the beneficiary of testa- 
mentary bequests, and to solicit and receive contributions and 
donations, and to expend the same for the benevolent and educa- 
tional undertakings which it may conduct or advocate, and for 
any other purposes incidental to its nature. To establish branch 
subordinate Leagues in the various States of the United States, 
its territories, dependencies and possessions, and in foreign coun- 
tries not unfriendly to the United States of America; to grant 
charters to such subordinate Leagues, and to cancel and annul 
such charters and restrain such subordinate Leagues from using 
the name of this corporation in the event of a violation of its 
By-laws, constitution, or these Articles, or for any other good and 
sufficient cause. But especially, and this is the main purpose of 
the Corporation, to which all other purposes herein named are 
incidental and subordinate, TO DISSEMINATE AMONGST 
THE GREAT BODY OF THE PEOPLE A KNOWLEDGE 
OF THE AIMS, PURPOSES, USES AND INDUSTRIAL 
POSSIBILITIES OF "THE BONVILLE 99- YEAR SYS- 
TEM" OF INCORPORATING AND CONDUCTING IN- 
DUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES AND PUBLIC SERVICE AND 
OTHER CORPORATIONS, AND TO CAUSE, ENCOUR- 
AGE AND AID, BY EVERY PROPER MEANS, THE OR- 
GANIZATION OF SUCH ENTERPRISES IN ACCORD- 
ANCE WITH THE SAID "BONVILLE 99-YEAR SYSTEM." 

To own, purchase and otherwise acquire real and personal 
property and generally to do and cause to be done whatsoever 
else may be or become necessary to support the purposes of the 
Corporation. 

ARTICLE III. The affairs of this Corporation shall be con- 
ducted by a Board of Control consisting of five members of the 
Corporation. Members of the Board of Control now holding 
office shall serve periods of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years, the term of 
each member being determined by lot. Elections shall be held on 
the 15th day 'of February of each year, at which time one person 
shall be elected to the Boad of Control to succeed the retiring 
member, a majority vote of the members of the corporation pres- 
ent at such meetings being sufficient to elect. The Board of 
Control so elected and established shall be the chief Board of 
Control of such subordinate Leagues as may, from time to time 
be established and chartered, with power to prescribe rules and 
regulations for the governance of such subordinate Leagues. 
PROVIDED, That so soon as ten (10) or more branch sub- 
ordinate Leagues shall -have been established with an aggregate 
membership >of not less than three thousand (3,000), it shall be- 
come the privilege .of. each .subordinate League to select delegates 



CHARTER OF BONVILLE LEAGUE. 2_7 

to meet in annual convention for the purpose of electing the suc- 
ceeding member to the Board of Control of the parent League. 
Each subordinate League shall be entitled to one delegate for the 
first one hundred members or any fraction thereof, and one 
additional delegate for each succeeding one hundred members, or 
any fraction thereof exceeding forty-nine. Each delegate shall be 
entitled to one (1) vote. 

At the time of the annual election of the members of the 
Board of Control and immediately thereafter the Members of the 
Board of Control shall elect from their own number a President, 
Vice-President, Secretary and Treasurer to serve for a period of 
one year or until their successors shall have been elected and duly 
qualified to hold office. Rules governing the seating of delegates 
may be provided for in the By-laws, or by resolution. 

The titles of the officers making and subscribing to these 
Articles, are, President J. O. Stearns, Jr. ; Vice-President, Frank 
Bonville ; Secretary, Fred W. Jobelman. 

IN TESTIMONY WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my 
hand and affixed hereto the seal of the CORPOPRATION DE- 
PARTMENT of the STATE OF OREGON. 

Done at the Capitol at Salem, Oregon, this 27th day of 
February, 1914. Corporation Commissioner, 

R. A. WATSON. 



QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS. 

WHAT IS THE BONVILLE SYSTEM? 

It is a Direct Action in the fullest sense of the term; but 
without any of the objectionable features usually associated with 
it in the mind of the public. 

It is a method of placing (socializing) all industries in the 
hands of the producers and eliminating the exploiter of labor, 
without legislation, and without closing any avenue whereby a 
man with a genius for organization or business management may 
be of great service to humanity. 
WHAT WILL IT DO? 

It will take the control from the few and give it to the many ; 
give real (or natural) competition among individuals; stop whole- 
sale robbing of the people ; prevent panic, strikes and lockouts ; do 
away entirely with bread lines, souphouses and all other forms 
of so-called charity; and scatter universal justice without limiting 
ambition or discouraging genius. 
HOW WILL IT DO THIS? 

By closing the avenues through which the . . . "SPECIAL 
PRIVILEGE" class have secured the Control of Interests, which 
they wield to the detriment of the whole people. 



28 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS. 

WHAT ARE THESE AVENUES ? 

Stock transferring, proxy voting, promotion methods, stock 
watering, bond issues, "Freeze out" tactics, stock jobbing, credit 
system interlocking directorates . . . and concerning industrial 
and agricultural products. 

WILL THE BONVILLE SYSTEM ACTUALLY PUT AN 
END TO THESE ABUSES? 
Yes! -Absolutely! 

WHEREIN WOULD THIS HELP HUMANITY? 

Stop stock transferring and you stop stock speculating which 
is gambling, pure and simple. Stop stock gambling and you wipe 
out the cause of more than one half the misery and wretchedness 
in our country. Put an end to voting by prqxy, at the same time 
limiting the number of shares any one stockholder may purchase, 
and you make it IMPOSSIBLE for a small coterie of men to 
CONTROL our great industrial enterprises, which, in turn, would 
have a decidedly beneficial effect on the present "HIGH COST 
OF LIVING." 

Again, wipe out our present . . . .credit system, substituting 
therefor the Bonville Contract System, and you solve the para- 
mount problem— INDUSTRIAL EMANCIPATION. 

IS THERE NO WAY IN WHICH THE PRICE OF SHARES 

....... COULD BE RAISED ? 

No! All shares are issued at ONE DOLLAR, PAR 
VALUE. This is made binding by a CONTRACT between all 
shareholders with each other and the company. A stockholder 
who breaks this contract forfeits the earnings on such stock for a 
stated period of time. 

ARE FAILURES POSSIBLE UNDER THE BONVILLE 
SYSTEM ? 

Yes ! The most perfect system devised by human ingenuity 
could not guarantee against poor management or errors of judg- 
ment. Besides, a proposition might have no merit, and no system 
could make it a success. 

WHAT AUTHORITY HAS THE PROMOTING INTEREST 
IN A COMPANY ORGANIZED UNDER THE SYSTEM 
AFTER SIXTY PERCENT OF THE COMPANY'S STOCK 
HAS BEEN SUBSCRIBED AND PAID FOR? 
None whatever. 

HOW WOULD THE BONVILLE SYSTEM BENEFIT THE 
MECHANIC OR ANY OTHER WAGE WORKER? 

If every man who toils had an opportunity of investing the 
surplus of his labor where his vote would count .... would not 
that be a good thing for him ? 

If, in addition to this, that industry was incorporated under 
a system that would insure its permanency, that its stock could 



QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS. 29 

not be watered or speculated in, and that it would be impossible 
for a small group of men — no matter how shrewd they might be — 
to get control — would not that be a highly desirable thing? 
ARE THE OFFICIALS OF A COMPANY, ORGANIZED 
UNDER THE SYSTEM PLACED IN FULL POWER DUR- 
ING THEIR TERM OF OFFICE, OR ARE THEY SUBJECT 
TO DISMISSAL: AND IF SO, HOW? 

They are subject (if an officer of the company) to dismissal 
through an action of the board of directors, or, by two-thirds vote 
of the interests of the company at any general or special meeting, 
and if the dismissal of a director is desired, it requires a three- 
fourths vote of all the interests in the company. 

WHAT ASSURANCE HAS A MAN UNDER THIS 

SYSTEM ? 

Enough to satisfy the most cautious. 

Every company organized under this system is composed of 
at least six hundred and one people. 

The company elect their directors from their own number 
to serve at their, the company's pleasure. 

The officers are elected by the directors, and are chosen from 
stockholders of the company and the directorate. 

Each and all of the directors and stockholders in the company 
handle their own and others interests out of which no one can. 
sell once he has invested therein ; the stock will pay a like dividend 
to all pro rata to the amount invested by each, providing that the 
stock earns a dividend. 

Each stockholder is herein necessitated to act for his own 
good, and one and all must observe the By-laws of the system by 
contract entered into by themselves, between themselves as indi- 
viduals and themselves as a company. 

WOULD IT BENEFIT OTHERS? 

Yes, it would benefit every man, woman and child in the 
country, by making living conditions better ; removing the sinister 
influence of "Big Business" over legislation, which will then be 
free to attend to the people's business ; making strikes and lock- 
outs impossible in the future ; putting an end to Wall Street's 
control of the nation's finances and products which has caused the 
country nothing but trouble and misery — when this is done, panics 
will l»e a thing of the past and legitimate business will have a 
healthy growth. ..... 

WOULD A MAN'S JOB BE PERMANENT? 

Yes ! Because he would own the job as long as he gave the 
same equivalent for what he received, as his fellow workers. 

HAS THE PAR VALUE OF STOCK A FIXED 

VALUATION ? 

Yes, One dollar per share. 



30 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS. __^ 

CAN A COMPANY ORGANIZED UNDER THIS SYSTEM 
ISSUE BONDS OR MORTGAGE THEIR HOLDINGS IN 
ANYWAY? 

No, they cannot. This is strictly forbidden by the By-laws. 

HAVE NOT VERY MANY PROMISING CO-OPERATIVE 
ENTERPRISES FAILED? 

Yes, many hundreds of them. 

WHY ARE THEY NOT A SUCCESS ? 

Because, while a great many of them were really very praise- 
worthy undertakings, they were all organized under the old dis- 
credited system which allowed all sorts of abuses to creep in, 
encouraged careless methods, bad bills and many other ills which 
no business could long survive. 

CAN SiTOCK BE SOLD BELOW OR ABOVE PAR VALUE? 
No. 



WHAT THE BONVILLE 99-YEAR SYSTEM DOES. 

BY J. O. STEARNS, JR. 

This is an age of isms — each directing its aim to the better- 
ment of humanity, each in its manner bent upon the adjusting of 
differences, and thus ending the bitter strife between Capital and 
Labor. 

And this opens the way to a series of vital, intensely vital 
questions. Let us here briefly consider one or two of these. 

Why is not Labor satisfied with its present lot ? What is the 
reason behind its deep and abiding distrust of Big Business, so- 
called ? 

If we can locate the prime reason we then have the key to the 
industrial situation, and are in a position to suggest a sane, and, 
let us hope, a satisfactory solution. 

After years of study and intimate association with all classes 
and conditions of people, Frank Bonville, originator of the Bon- 
ville 99- Year System, has reached a scientific solution of this great 
economic problem, a solution based upon indisputable facts, 
aduced from a far-reaching analysis of human nature and human 
institutions. 

That stock gambling and stock watering, together with illicit 
combinations of capital, commonly denominated "trusts," and 
kindred evils growing out of the present loose methods of manip- 
ulating large combinations of capital, are at the root of social 
ills and the cause of present day industrial unrest, is Mr. Bonville's 
unshaken conviction. 

And behind this conviction lies a mass of facts and figures 
gathered from every conceivable source, in their aggregate so huge 
that volumes would be required for their recording. 



WHAT THE BOXVILLE SYSTEM DOES. 31 

Hence, the creation of the 99- Year Contract System, which 
among other things, puts an end to stock transferring, thereby 
ending all stock gambling; for if a man cannot sell his stock, it 
necessarily follows that he cannot speculate, or, in other words, 
gamble with it. This, in turn, makes it impossible for the "Inter- 
ests" to manipulate the stock market, depressing and raising prices 
at will, and thus effecting the cost of the necessaries of life. 

Give every man a chance to acquire stock in paying enterprises 
and thereby put an end to this steady accumulation of capital by 
the favored few; this gradual centralization of the medium of 
exchange in the hands of a half dozen unscrupulous money 
kings. Make the par value of stock one dollar per share, and 
strictly forbid its being sold for either more or less. 

Thus, put it within the power of every person to invest small 
sums from time to time, as opportunity offers. 

Set aside ten per cent of the capital stock of proposed cor- 
porations for the promoter's share. Let this suffice for his organ- 
ization fee. Since he cannot sell his stock, but must depend for 
his financial returns upon dividends arising therefrom, it follows 
as a matter of course that his efforts will be directed toward legiti- 
mate ends — for he cannot play the "freeze out" game so common 
in business life today, nor can he grab and sell fifty per cent of 
the capital stock as promoter's share, and then slide out from 
under and -leave the small stockholder with only a worthless bit 
of gilt decorated paper for his money. 

Careful study and thoughtful consideration of the by-laws 
contained in this book will convince the unprejudiced reader that* 
a universal, or even a nation-wide adoption of the Bonville 
System for organizing corporations is sure to result in nothing 
but an industrial and social uplifting, since a more sane and 
equitable distribution of wealth would inevitably follow a sup- 
pression of stock gambling and its horde of attendant evils, which 
these By-laws check at every turn. 

The reader will also observe that the liquor problem is 
handled, in a most unique, though entirely simple manner. So 
much for a genius for clear insight into the troubled ocean of 
human weaknesses and misunderstandings. 



A LAWYER'S VIEW OF THE BONVILLE SYSTEM. 

Stop Stock Transferring, and you stop stock 



speculating. 

Therefore, as a lawyer, I say that every other lawyer in 
the land should make it his business to familiarize himself with the 
splendid possibilities opened up by the Bonville System, and then 
"boost" it by every means at his command, to the greater glory 
and credit of our honorable profession. — JOHN A. JEFFERY. 



32 CODE OF BY-LAWS. 



CODE OF BY-LAWS 
of the 

r. -. COMPANY 

Organized under and by virtue of the 

Bonville 99-Year System. 

SUMMARY. 

After the sale of the first forty per cent of the capital stock 
of this Company, the balance, or last sixty per cent thereof, shall 
have a specified limitation on the largest investment that can be 
made therein by any person. All of the stock of this Company 
shall be sold strictly at par value, save as hereinafter specified, 
and ten per cent thereof shall be allowed the promoters of this 
Company for their services in organizing the same. All stock 
issued shall be on a common basis, non-assessable, non-assign- 
able and non-transferable for a period of ninety-nine years from 
date of issue, save as it may pass by the laws of descent and 
distribution, or by devise. 

The par value of the stock of this Company shall be one 
dollar per share. 

No certificate of stock shall be issued until the same shall 
have been fully paid. 

No installment payment shall be allowed. 

All stock certificates shall have plainly printed thereon the 
following conditions: That such stock is non-assessable, and 
non-assignable, and is non-transferable for ninety-nine years; 
that dividends shall be allowed and paid only to the person to 
whom said stock is issued, or to his heirs or devisees, and that 
said stock is fully paid for. 

DEFINITIONS. 

In these By-Laws, unless the context indicate differently, 
the following expressions have this meaning: The "System" 
means the "Bonville Ninety-nine Year Non-Transferable Sys- 
tem ; " and the "Company" means the M 

, Company." Words implying the 

masculine gender shall also apply to the feminine. Words im- 
plying one person or thing shall apply to the majority of that 
class, and conversely. "Dividend" means all accumulation of 
money over and above the general expenses and the amount 
received for stock and the sum or sums set aside by these By- 
Laws to the several funds. "Promoter" means that direct in- 



CODE OF BY-LAWS. 33 

fluence which forwards the organization of a company, whether 
it consists of one or more men or a combination of men bound 
together by mutual interests is immaterial, providing that the 
interest so working shall observe the rules and restrictions of 
these By-Laws in the minutest detail; with the understanding 
that any interests once engaged in the promotion of this organ- 
ization shall have no recourse whereby to add to their numbers ; 
and that this interest shall receive in payment for its services ten 
per cent of the capital stock as herein provided. 

ARTICLE I. 
Officers and Stockholders. 

Section 1 . The corporate powers of this Company are and 
shall be vested in a Board of Directors (who shall be stockholders 
of the Company), except such powers as are reserved by these 
By-Laws to be exercised by the Company as a whole. The 
corporators present at the first meeting shall be inspectors of the 
election, and shall certify who were elected Directors, and must 
appoint the time and the place of the first Directors' meeting. 
Said Board of Directors and the election of the same shall be 
governed by the reading of these By-Laws. 

Sec. 2. This Company does and shall consist of stock- 
holders who shall have purchased one or more shares of this 
Company's capital stock by direct purchase from the Company. 

Sec. 3. In all cases of sales of stock by this Company the 
purchaser shall sign these By-Laws, which signing shall constitute 
a contract between the purchaser and this Company, and be- 
tween the several members of the Company. 

ARTICLE II. 
Administration. 

Section I. The officers of this Company shall consist of a 
Board of seven Directors, no more, no less, a President, a Vice- 
President, a Secretary, a Treasurer, and one Auditor ; the Presi- 
dent and the Vice-President to be chosen from the Board of 
Directors. The Treasurer shall be selected by a majority of the 
Board of Directors. The President shall appoint a Finance Com- 
mittee consisting of three members of the Board of Directors. 
The President, Vice-President, Auditor and Treasurer or any 
member of the Board of Directors may be removed from office 
at any time by a vote representing two-thirds of the stockholders 
of the Company at any meeting of the Company or by special 



34 CODE OF BY-LAWS. 



meeting of the Company, if called for that purpose. 

Sec. 2. The Directors shall be elected for a term of one 
year, or until their successors have been elected and have quali- 
fied. A General Manager shall be elected by the Directors to 
serve at their pleasure. The General Manager shall not be 
discharged except upon a concurrence of four of the Directors or 
an action of vote representing two-thirds of the stockholders of 
the Company at any general meeting thereof, or by special meet- 
ing of the Company if called for that purpose. 

Sec. 3. The Directors shall choose the President and Vice- 
President for a term of one year. 

Sec. 4. The Auditor shall be elected by the Company for 
a term of one year. 

Sec. 5. The Directors shall employ a Secretary to serve at 
the pleasure of the Board. 

ARTICLE HI. 
Duties of Officers. 

Section 1. The President shall preside at all meetings of 
the Company, and also of the Board of Directors ; he shall sign 
all certificates of stock, contracts and conveyances, also docu- 
ments or agreements that the Board of Directors may by resolu- 
tion require him to sign ; and also the minutes of the proceedings 
of all meetings of the Company and Directors. He shall have 
the custody of the bonds of all the officers and employes under 
bond, except his own, which shall be filed with the Secretary. 
He shall have the deciding vote in case of tie. In the absence of 
the President, the Vice-President shall perform his duties. 

Sec. 2. The Secretary shall keep in proper books full and 
precise minutes of all the proceedings of the Company and Board 
of Directors. He shall countersign all certificates of stock, con- 
tracts, conveyances, documents and agreements ; and shall per- 
form all duties pertaining to his office and such other duties as 
the Board of Directors may require. 

Sec. 3. The Treasurer shall be appointed by and subject 
to the Board of Directors. His duties shall be prescribed by that 
body. 

Sec. 4. A majority of the Board of Directors shall con- 
stitute a quorum. A concurrence of four Directors shall be 
necessary for the transaction of all business involving the ex- 
penditure of money, or the election of the officers. 



COPE OF BY-LAWS. 35 



Sec. 5. The absence of a Director (unless from an unavoid- 
able cause, to be passed upon by a majority of the Directors) 
for three successive meetings shall be deemed to be and shall 
act as a resignation; whereupon the Directors shall proceed to 
(ill such vacancy until the next regular meeting of the Company. 

Sec. 6. The Auditor shall audit the accounts of the Com- 
pany and see that they are correctly kept, and shall lay before 
each quarterly meeting of the Board a signed statement of the 
receipts and disbursements and of the affairs of the Company 
since the last meeting and its condition at the close of the 
quarter. Every three months he shall audit a balance sheet 
showing the assets and liabilities of the Company. He shall have 
authority to call for and examine all records, vouchers, papers 
and documents belonging to the Company. 

ARTICLE IV. 
The Power, Restrictions and Duties of the Directors are and 

shall be : 

Section 1 . To convene all regular meetings of the Company 
and to call special meetings thereof when deemed necessary. 
Notice of all meetings of the Company shall be sent to each mem- 
ber by the Secretary. 

Sec. 2. To appoint and have full control of such subordi- 
nate agents, employes or officers as the business of this Company 
may require (including also the major officers in all matters not 
provided for in these By-Laws) prescribe their duties, fix their 
compensation and require from every person appointed to any 
office or employment having the receipt, management or expen- 
diture of money, goods, or things of value on the accounts of 
this Company, such security as the Board of Directors may deem 
necessary. 

Sec. 3. To make rules for the management of the Company 
and branches of the business in which this Company may engage. 

Sec. 4. To enter into any and all lawful contracts or obliga- 
tions essential to the transaction of the Company's affairs for 
the forwarding of the purposes for which it was formed. 

Sec. 5. To trade, buy, sell and exchange. 

Sec. 6. To perform and do all other acts necessary to be 
done for the purpose of carrying into effect the object or objects 
for which this Company is formed. 

Sec. 7. To act on all grievances and complaints. To con- 



36 CODE OF BY-LAWS. 

sider and determine the merits and justice of such complaints. 

Sec. 8. To attend all meetings of the Company. 

Sec. 9. To cause to be kept a complete record of all trans- 
actions and proceedings of the Company. 

Sec. 1 0. To transact all business for and in the Company's 
name, and the legal acts and orders under the power delegated 
to them, shall have the same power and effect as if they were the 
acts of a majority of the stockholders of the Company at a 
general meeting thereof. 

Sec. 1 1 . To cause all accounts of the business carried on 
for the Company to be regularly entered in the proper books. 

Sec. 1 2. To render the stockholders of this Company a full 
report every months, showing the receipts, disburse- 
ments, etc., during that period, the same to be accompanied by 
the General Manager's monthly and quarterly reports to the 
Board. 

Sec. 13. To annually take inventory of the stock of the 
Company and submit a statement of the same, with all the neces- 
sary vouchers up to the day of the month of 

in each year, to be made out and laid before the 

Auditor not less than three days before the regular annual meet- 
ing of the Company. 

Sec. 1 4. To supervise all officers and employes of the Com- 
pany, and to see that their duties are properly performed. 

Sec. 15. To set aside such funds as may be deemed neces- 
sary. 

Sec. 16. To fix and declare dividends out of the profits, 
in the mode and manner herein provided. 

Sec. 17. To fill vacancies occurring in their own number 
until the first regular annual meeting following such vacancy. 

ARTICLE V. 
Meetings. 

Section 1 . The regular meetings of the Board of Directors 

shall be held on the day of each month at the 

principal place of business of this Company. Special meetings 
of the Board may be held on the written call of the President, 
or upon a request of the majority of the Board upon notice in all 
cases of at least twenty-four hours. 

Sec. 2. The regular meetings of this Company shall be held 
on the day in the month of of 



CODE OF BY-LAWS. 37 

each year at the principal place of business, which meeting shall 
be the regular annual election meeting of the Company. 

Sec. 3. A special meeting of the Company may be called 
by the Board of Directors, or on the written petition of one or 
more persons who severally or jointly represent not less than ten 
per cent of the stock of the Company, thirty days' notice being 
required in either case ; and such call shall clearly set forth the 
object of the special meeting. 

Sec. 4. The Finance Committee shall meet at least monthly 
and examine all bills contracted by or through the authority of 
the General Manager, and make a thorough investigation of the 
affairs of the Company and report to the Board of Directors. 

ELECTIONS. 

ARTICLE VI. 

Protective Clause. 

It is expressly declared that until each and every share of 
the capital stock of this company is sold and paid for in full, each 
member of this company shall be entitled to one vote only, re- 
gardless of the number of shares of stock which he may hold ; 
but so soon as each and every share of said capital stock has been 
sold and paid for in full, then each stockholder shall be entitled to 
vote the full amount of his holdings. That is to say, he shall be 
entitled to one vote for each share of stock of which he is the 
owner. 

Section 1 . Elections of officers shall be held on the regular 

election day in said month being the last 

month of the last quarter of the fiscal year of this Company. 

An election to fill a vacancy shall be held at the regular 
meeting of the Company following such vacancy. 

Sec. 2. All elections of the officers of the Company, not 
otherwise provided for herein, shall be by ballot, and a majority 
of votes cast shall be required to elect. 

Sec. 3. On the day of of each 

year the Secretary shall send a Kst of the names and addresses 
of all stockholders in the Company, and a notification to all stock- 
holders therein of the officers to be elected at the regular annual 
meeting, together with notice of the date and the place of such 
meeting ; he shall also enclose a nomination blank upon which a 
stockholder may nominate one member for each officer to be 
elected, which to be a valid nomination and entitled to be on 



38 CODE OF BY-LAWS. 

the election ballot, must be received by the Secretary of the 
Company at least sixty days prior to the convening of the said 
annual meeting. 

If a sufficient number of persons be nominated as above 
provided to fill the vacancies of the retiring officers, then it shall 
be the duty of the Board to declare the nominations closed and 
no further nominations shall be received ; but in the event that 
none, or less than enough persons be so nominated to fill said 
offices, then it shall be proper to make such necessary nomina- 
tions at the time of the general election of such officers. 

Sec. 4. On the day of of each 

year the Board shall receive the nominations made by the stock- 
holders, and cause the Secretary to print a voting ticket with the 
names of all regular nominees for each office designated; and 
send the same to each stockholder in the Company, not a resident 
of the County wherein the said election is to be held, at least 
thirty days prior to said election, and with said ballot shall be 
enclosed an envelope addressed to the Secretary of the Company. 

Sec. 5. In case the election of officers shall not take place 
upon the day fixed by these By-Laws, it shall be the duty of the 
Board to give notice of an election to take place as soon there- 
after as practicable, and in such case the officers of the Company 
shall remain in office until such election is held and their succes- 
sors qualified. 

Sec. 6. At the meeting of the Board previous to the annual 
election an Election Committee consisting of three shall be ap- 
pointed by the Board from the stockholders outside of their own 
body, to qualify and install the officers elected. It shall be the 
duty of said committee to see that all the provisions of the By- 
Laws relative to the election of officers are carried out, and to 
formally administer the following obligation to each officer-elect 
at the annual meeting, or within two weeks thereafter : "I, .... 

having been duly elected to the office 

of of the 

Company organized under and by virtue of the BONVILLE 99- 
YEAR SYSTEM, do promise faithfully and honestly to perform 
the duties of said office, and to support and advance the best 
interests of this Company. Signed this day of 

In the Presence of : 






CODE OF BYhLAWS. 39 



Election Committee 



Directors 



Auditor 

Sec. 7. The above obligation having been duly admin- 
istered and signed, and the party so signing being otherwise qual- 
ified, shall be declared duly installed and shall enter upon the 
performance of his duties immediately thereafter; and in the 
event of failure to qualify within ten days therefrom, the office 
of the person so failing to qualify shall be declared vacant. 

Sec. 8. The polls shall be open upon the election day from 

. to ......... The tellers conducting such election 

shall keep a poll list. 

Sec. 9. Absent stockholders may vote by mailing their 
ballots, suitably enclosed and sealed, said ballot being subscribed 
with the voter's name and address and the number of certificates 
and shares which he holds, and addressed to the Secretary of this 
Company. Said letters shall be opened in the presence of the 
tellers and the Secretary. Before depositing the said ballot, the 
tellers and Secretary shall verify the voter's signature and stock- 
holdings from the Secretary's books of By-Laws and accounts. 

Sec. 1 0. The polls shall be closed, ballots counted and re- 
turns canvassed by the Election Committee in the presence of the 
stockholders. 

Sec. 1 1 . A majority of the votes cast shall be sufficient to 
elect and those stockholders present at any stockholders' meeting 
shall constitute a quorum. 

ARTICLE VII. 
Funds. 

Section 1. The sale of capital stock shall constitute the 
general fund of this Company. 

ARTICLE VIII. 
Manner of Conducting Business. 

Section 1 . The business of buying and selling commodities 
shall be conducted on a strictly cash basis or its equivalent. 



40 CODE OF BY-LAWS. 

No stock in this Company shall be exchanged for patents, 
collaterals or other commodities until such patents, collaterals or 
commodities have been first appraised by the Finance Committee 
of this Company ; and the appraised valuation placed upon such 
patents, collaterals or commodities by the said Finance Commit- 
tee shall be the basis of valuation upon which such exchange 
is made. 

Sec. 2. The Board of Directors and General Manager shall 
frame rules for the conduct of the daily business of this Company, 
and it shall be the duty of the Board of Directors to fix the com- 
pensation of the employes of this Company. 

Sec. 3. The General Manager shall select and engage all 
employes, and shall lay such appointments before the Directors 
for approval. He shall assign to the employes their respective 
duties. In cases of urgent necessity, the General Manager shall 
have authority to employ aid and bind the Company to pay a 
reasonable compensation therefor, providing the same is done 
under the provisions of these By-Laws. 

ARTICLE IX. 
Division and Limit of Profits. 

Section 1. This Company shall declare dividends on the 

day of the week of the month 

(or months) of (and ), after 

first paying the current expenses of the Company, unless other- 
wise provided herein ; and the net profits accruing to this Com- 
pany for said period, after such current expenses have been paid, 
shall be divided as follows: First: The Directors of this Com- 
pany are empowered to set aside into a general fund so much of 
the net earnings of any period as they may deem necessary for 
furthering the interests of or enlarging the operations of this 
Company. 

Sec. 2. The balance of the net earnings of this Company 
for each period, if any there be, shall be divided by the Directors 
among the stockholders pro rata to the number of shares belong- 
ing to each shareholder, respectively. No dividend shall be 
declared on any stock purchased within the period of one month 
prior to the day set aside herein for computing the accounts of 
this Company and declaring dividends on its earnings. 

Sec. 3. If the earnings accruing to any stockholder by rea- 
son of his holdings in this Company shall exceed the sum of 



CODE OF BY-LAWS. 41^ 

$10,000 for any fiscal year, then and in that event, all moneys 
in excess of the above stated sum shall be retained by this Com- 
pany, and it shall become the duty of the Board to direct the 
Treasurer of the Company to remit such overplus to the Treasurer 
of the State wherein this Company has its home office, and the 
Treasurer shall within thirty days after the annual declaration of 
dividends, remit such overplus to the Treasurer of the State of 
and shall, thereupon, report to the stock- 
holder whose holdings have earned said overplus, the steps which 
he has taken in the disposition thereof and the exact sum of such 
overplus. 

Sec. 4. In the event that the State Treasurer shall refuse to 
accept such overplus it shall then become the duty of the Board, 
at their discretion, to place the same in its reserve fund or to 
divide such overplus, pro rata among the several shareholders of 
this Company. 

Sec. 5. Each stockholder signing these By-Laws, by that 
act agrees to all the provisions in the foregoing clause and ex- 
pressly authorizes this Company to appropriate and dispose of all 
earnings in excess of $ 1 0,000 which may accrue to him by rea- 
son of his holdings herein, in the manner and form as hereinbe- 
fore set forth. 

ARTICLE X. 
Limits to Indebtedness. 

Section 1. This Company shall keep in its Treasury cash 
funds sufficient to cover any and all debts which it may incur in 
the transaction of business or otherwise. Any obligation or obli- 
gations which this Company may contract shall be fully dis- 
charged within a period of ninety days from the contracting 
thereof. 

Sec. 2. Borrowing by this Company is strictly prohibited, 
and neither shall this Company endorse any promissory note, bill 
of exchange, warehouse receipt or any negotiable instrument of 
any nature whatsoever, save and except that nothing in this sec- 
tion shall be held to abrogate its power to make and endorse 
checks, drafts, etc., necessary to its business welfare. 

Sec. 3. Receipts shall be required for all money expended 
by this Company, and said receipts shall be given into the 
custody of the Auditor; each receipt so taken shall specify the 
purpose for which the money was expended. Expressions such 



42 CODE OF BY-LAWS. 



as "general office expenses" shall not be tolerated. 

ARTICLE XI. 
Miscellaneous. 

Section 1 . Vacancies occuring in the elective offices of the 
Company shall be filled by the Board of Directors, subject to the 
approval of the Company at its next regular or special meeting. 

Sec. 2. At the first Directors' meeting of this Company, the 
blanks left herein shall be supplied with the necessary names, 

'Sec. 3.' THIS COMPANY MAY AT ANY TIME BE DIS- 
SOLVED BY A THREE-FOURTHS VOTE OF ITS STOCK- 
HOLDERS. 

Sec. 4. In the event of this Company formulating By-Laws 
auxiliary hereto, such auxiliary By-Laws shall not contravene the 
spirit or intent of these By-Laws, and shall be appended hereto, 
and shall then form a part and continuation of and to these By- 
Laws, and shall be subscribed in the manner and style hereinbe- 
fore set forth, and these By-Laws shall be pasted into a book, 
together with the auxiliary By-Laws hereto, if any there be, and 
such book shall be furnished by this Company for the special 
purpose set forth herein. 

Sec. 5. On the lower left-hand corner of each and every 
page of By-Laws of this Company, shall be printed these words : 
"Copyrighted by Frank Bonville, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1914.'* 

VOTING BY PROXY SHALL NOT BE ALLOWED. 

Purchasing or taking over its own stock by this Company 
is expressly prohibited, save as herein specified. 

Sec. 6. The phrase "Organized under and by virtue of the 
BONVILLE 99-YEAR SYSTEM," shall be placed, in conjunction 
with the name of this Company, on all of its literature, advertis- 
ing matter, etc., and on all printed matter which this Company 
may cause to be circulated or published. 

Ninety-nine Year Contract. 

Sec. 7. No shareholder in this Company shall sell, assign, 
set over, mortgage, pledge, or dispose of, or attempt to sell, 
assign, set over, mortgage, pledge, or dispose of, any of his right, 
title or interest to and in his holdings in this Company, or any part 
of such holdings for a period of 99 years from the date of pur- 
chase thereof. 

Sec. 8. Upon each stock certificate issued by this Company 



CODE OF BY-LAWS. 43 



shall be printed words plainly setting forth that the same is non- 
assessable, non-assignable and non-transferable for a period of 
ninety-nine years from the issuance thereof, and that the pur- 
chaser thereof agrees to all of the conditions and restrictions, ex- 
press and implied, involved in the sale of stock by this Company 
to him ; and it shall be further stipulated in writing upon all certi- 
ficates of stock issued by this Company that the owner thereof 
shall not sell, mortgage, pledge, assign, dispose of, or attempt to 
sell, mortgage, pledge, assign or dispose of, any of his right, 
title or interest to and in the said stock, or any of it, and that the 
same, or any interest therein, shall not pass to another, or others, 
save by devise or in the regular order of descent and distribution 
upon the decease of said share owner, nor shall the same pass by 
operation of law. 

Sec. 9. If any stockholder in this Company shall come into 
possession of any of the capital stock of the Company in manner 
other than by direct purchase from the Company, such stock 
shall at once lose its voting and earning power, and the Company 
is authorized to and shall cancel such stock on its books and pro- 
ceed to resell the same in a manner by the Board deemed most 
proper, the proceeds of the sale of such stock to be paid over to 
the person entitled thereto. 

Sec. 1 0. Provided, That if any share or shares of the capital 
stock of this Company devolve upon any shareholder herein by 
virtue of the laws of descent and distribution or by devise, then 
and in that event such stock shall on the instant lose its voting 
power ; the Company shall cause the same to be cancelled upon 
its books, and shall at once, or so soon therafter as lawfully may 
be, advertise the same for sale to the highest bidder for cash or 
its equivalent, the time and place of sale being plainly desig- 
nated. And the medium of such advertisement shall be the 
newspaper having the largest general circulation in the County 
wherein this Company has its home office. 

Sec 1 1 . Pursuant to the foregoing section such stock shall 
be sold to the highest bidder in the manner and at the time and 
place specified in the advertisement : Provided, that should the 
Board or its Committee in charge of such sale deem the highest 
bid submitted too low to justify a sale of said stock, the Board or 
its Committee may, if deemed best, postpone such sale from time 
to time, not to exceed three (3) months from the date of the 



44 CODE OF BY-LAWS. 

original offer of sale as first advertised; but in the event that 
the Company sells such stock for less than the highest bid offered 
at any advertised sale of the same, the Company shall make up 
the difference betwen the actual sale price and such highest bid, 
and pay the whole thereof over to the person or persons entitled 
thereto. 

Value of Stock and Distribution. 

Sec. 1 2. The capital stock of this Company shall consist of 
ninety per cent of the Company's stock, and the balance (ten per 
cent) of the Company's stock shall be and hereby is set aside as 
the promoters' share. All of the stock of this Company shall 
be issued on a common basis, and shall be sold only at par value. 

Sec. 13. The par value of this Company's stock shall be 
one dollar per share, and in the event that this Company sell any 
of its capital stock, either above or below the par value as set 
forth herein, save as herein specified, it shall forfeit to the Bon- 
ville Industrial Corporation League, or its successors in interest, 
all of its rights and privileges of operating under and by virtue of 
the Bonville 99- Year System By-Laws. 

Sec. 14. After the first forty per cent of the Company's 
stock shall have been sold, which forty per cent shall include 
the promoters' share, the balance of the capital stock, or last 
sixty per cent thereof, shall have a specified limitation placed 
upon the largest number of shares which may be sold to any one 
person, and to any person who has purchased a share or shares 
in the first forty per cent of this Company's capital stock, no 
share or shares in the last sixty per cent thereof shall be sold in 
his name or to his use. 

Sec. 15. The following rule shall be used as a basis for 
dividing and distributing the shares of stock of this Company 
into their respective classes and in disposing of the stock in said 
classes: Of the last sixty per cent of the capital stock of this 
Company no person shall purchase more than one six-hundredth 
( 1 -600) part thereof, in his own name or for his own use. 
Increased Capitalization. 

Sec. 1 6. In the event of this Company enlarging its capitali- 
zation, such enlargement shall be enacted under and in conform- 
ity to the rules and regulations of these By-Laws, that is to say : 

Sec. 1 7. No person who is already a stockholder in the 
Company shall be allowed to purchase for his own use or in his 



CODE OF BY-LAWS. 45 



own name any share or shares of stock issued upon such enlarge- 
ment, but the new issue of stock of such enlargement shall be 
sold under the provisions heretofore made in these By-Laws and 
only to persons having no share or interest in the earnings of this 
Company at the time of such enlargement, either by direct pur- 
chase or by virtue of the laws of descent and distribution, or by 
devise. 

Consolidation and Merger. 

Sec. 18. Nothing herein contained shall be construed to 
prevent this Company from consolidating with another company 
or companies organized under and by virtue of the BONVILLE 
99-YEAR SYSTEM, in the event that a majority of the stockhold- 
ers of this Company, at any annual or special meeting, express 
by vote a desire so to do. But in the event of this Company so 
consolidating, all certificates of stock shall be recalled and new 
certificates issued to each shareholder in this Company (or, in 
the event that this Company's individuality is merged in the cor- 
porate name of the company or companies with which it con- 
solidates, to each shareholder in such company), and the num- 
ber of shares so issued shall be equal to the number of shares of 
both (or all) of such companies so consolidating, before a 
merger, save in the event of an enlargement of capitalization, 
when the rules hereinbefore laid down shall govern. 

Sec. 19. THIS COMPANY SHALL NOT ISSUE BONDS FOR 
ANY PURPOSE WHATSOEVER. 

Sec. 20. Until each and every share of the capital stock of 
this Company is sold and disposed of, it shall be the duty of the 
Board of Directors to keep such stock upon the market and to 
advertise the same for sale in the newspaper having the largest 
general circulation and which is printed and published with the 
greatest frequency, in or as near to the city (or town) in which 
this Company has its Home Office, as may be found; and such 
advertisement or advertisements shall be published in the said 
newspaper not less than once every sixty days. 

Sec. 21. In the sale of its capital stock this Company shall 
not DISCRIMINATE AGAINST ANY PERSON BECAUSE OF 
RACE, COLOR OR CONDITION, but, subject to the provisions 
hereinbefore set forth shall sell stock to any natural person of 
sound mind and lawful age who shall apply for the same and 
tender the purchase price thereof. 



46 CODE OF BY-LAWS. 

Manufacture and Sale of Liquor Prohibited. 

Sec. 22. This Company shall not sell, or offer for sale, any 
intoxicating liquors, except for medicinal purposes, and then only 
when the purchasers shall first present an order or prescription 
for the same, signed by a reputable physician; nor shall this 
Company sell, or offer for sale, any drug, the use of which is 
generally deleterious and harmful to persons using it, except for 
medicinal purposes, and then only when the purchaser shall first 
present an order or prescription for the same, signed by a reput- 
able physician; nor shall this Company grant, bargain, sell, 
assign, lease, rent or sublet to any person, company, corporation, 
co-partnership or association of persons of any nature whatso- 
ever, any ground, premises or property belonging to or under 
the control of this Company, unless there be first a written agree- 
ment between this Company and such grantee, bargainee, pur- 
chaser, assignee, vendee, lessee, rentee or sublesse. And the said 
agreement shall contain a printed or written clause forbidding 
the sale, or offer for sale, on such grounds, premises or property, 
of any intoxicating liquors or any drug, the use of which is gen- 
erally deleterious and harmful to the persons using it, except 
for medicinal purposes, and then only when the purchaser shall 
present an order or prescription for the same signed by a reput- 
able physician ; and making one violation of such clause sufficient 
grounds for the forfeiture of all the right, title and interest which 
such person or persons so violating the said clause may have in 
any grounds, premises, or property, acquired from this Company 
in any of the manners hereinbefore set forth, or otherwise. And 
in the event of a violation of the (liquor or drug, or either) 
clause in said agreement to be so written and contained, it shall 
be the duty of this Company to institute and prosecute to judg- 
ment a bona fide suit or action for the purpose of avoiding the 
contract by which such grounds, premises or property, or any 
interest therein, was conveyed to the person or persons so violat- 
ing the said agreement ; and to have all of such person or per- 
sons' right, title and interest to and.in such grounds, premises or 
property declared forfeited to this Company. And if this Com- 
pany shall fail to prosecute a suit or action for the violation of 
the said agreement as hereinbefore set forth, within a reasonable 
time after the offense has been brought to its attention, then and 
in that event it shall become the duty and privilege of any stock- 



CODE OF BY-LAWS. 47 



holder in this Company to compel the Directors of the Company 
(by due and proper legal proceedings) to prosecute the said suit 
or action for and in behalf of this Company. 

ARTICLE XII. 
Violation of Contract. 

Section 1 . Any shareholder violating the spirit or intent of 
these By-Laws shall by such violation forfeit all of his right, title 
and interest to and in any and all earnings which may accrue on 
his stock in this Company, for and during the period in which 
such violation was committed. Nor has this Company power 
to amend or in any way change these By-Laws during a period 
of ninety-nine years from the date of the incorporation thereof 
without first obtaining the consent of the owner, or owners, of 
the copyrights covering the subject matter of the Bonville 99- 
Year Non-Transferable System and the. favorable vote of three- 
fourths of the stockholders of this Company ; and in the event of 
its so doing, or attempting so to do, without first obtaining such 
consent, it shall forfeit all of its rights and privileges of operating 
under and by virtue of the Bonville 99-Year System and shall 
subject itself to dissolution at the instance and option of the Bon- 
ville Industrial Corporation League, and shall by such act or acts 
become liable to the said league in the sum of $10,000 as 
liquidated damages ; and by the adoption of these By-Laws this 
Company and the shareholders thereof is, and are, forever estop- 
ped from denying its, and their, liability for a violation or viola- 
tions of the spirit or intent of these By-Laws. 

Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of every person buying stock 
in this Company to sign these By-Laws in the presence of not 
less than two witnesses, and such signing shalLconstitute an ab- 
solute contract between the stockholders and this Company. 

ARTICLE XIII. 
Order of Business. 

Section 1 . The order of business for a general meeting of 
the Company and Directors shall be : 

1 . Calling to order. Roll call of officers. 

2. Reading the minutes of the previous meeting. 

3. Report of officers. 

4. Report of committees. 

5. Consideration of complaints and grievances. 

6. Election of officers. 



48 CODE OF BY-LAWS. 



7. Appointing committees. 

8. Unfinished business. 

9. New business. 

10. Installation of officers. 

1 1 . Remarks. Adjournment. 

We, the undersigned Directors and stockholders of this, the 

• • • Company, do hereby certify that 

the foregoing By-Laws are the By-Laws of this Company, which 
is organized under and by virtue of the Bonville 99- Year System, 

and incorporated under the laws of the State of 

and these By-Laws have been adopted by the stockholders of 
this Company without recourse, save as hereinbefore set forth. 



| LINCOLN'S GETTYSBURG ADDRESS. 

♦ 



! 



"Four-score and seven years ago, our fathers 
brought forth upon this continent a new nation, con- * 
ceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that % 
ail men are created equal * * * that we here % 
highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in ♦ 
vain — that this nation, under God, shall have a nezv 
birth of freedom, and that government of the people, 
by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from 
the earth." — First and last sentences of President Lin- 
coln's address at the National Cemetery at Gettysburg, 
delivered November 19, 1863. 



COUNTRY BELONGS TO PEOPLE. 

"This country, with its institutions, belongs to the 
people who inhabit it. Whenever they shall grow 
weary of the existing government, they can exercise 
their constitutional right of amending it, or their revo- 
lutionary right to dismember or over throw it." — -From 
President Lincoln's First Inaugural address, delivered 
March 4, 1861. 



TAKEN FROM "A SUPER-SOUVENIR FROM DETROIT," 1917. 

.... Following are the approximate amounts of various 
materials entering into the manufacture of 700,000 Ford cars, 
based on the figures for previous years. 

Four carloads of spark plugs each month. 

310,464 tons of steel. 

80,811 square feet rubber cloth material in the tops. 

2,800,000 each of wheels and tires. 

3,500,000 lamps. 

6,209,280 feet of Vanadium steel shafting and gear axles. 

2,950,000 feet of exhaust pipe. 

3,450,000 square feet of glass in Ford windshields. 

9,800,000 pounds of steel in Ford magnetos. 

24,791 miles of wiring used in magnetos. 

3,041,825 pounds of solder. 

6,158,000 square feet galvanized metal in gasoline tanks. 

45,000 horse power developed in Ford power house. 

22 tons of coal per hour, used for power. 

29,512,000 cubic feet of gas required each day. 

11-2 miles of conveyor tracks. 

312 1-2 gallons of lubricating oil used every hour. 

35,000 gallons of fuel used daily in heat-treating steel. 

100,000 people are engaged in making and selling Ford cars* 
in all parts of the world. 



HIGHLAND PARK NEWS, JULY 6, 1917. 

.... The fourth graduation exercises of the Ford English 
School were held in the Ford Motor Company's athletic park 

Fourth of July The event was held under the direction of 

C. C. DeWitt, superintendent of the school. The program was 
very impressive and forceful 

Addresses' by Joseph Steigerwald, president of the class; 
Harry Yannaki, president of the first graduation class ; Charles B. 
Collingwood, William Lovett, of the Detroit Citizens' League, 
and Judge Alfred J. Murphy. 

The third annual banquet of the teachers of the Ford Motor 
Company School of English was held .... Saturday evening. 

About 400 teachers and their wives were present at the 
banquet, which was under the direction of Charles A. Brownell, 
advertising manager. The Ford Hawaiian quintette entertained 
during the evening. The time was most enjoyably spent. . 



THE DETROIT NEWS, JULY 11, 1917. 

.... Charles E. Sorenson, European representative . . . 
returned from England today and announced that arrangements 

had been made for 50,000 Ford tractors in England 

to be used in an intensified farm movement in the British Isles. 



Taken from THE PUBLIC 

August Z K 1917 

Henry Ford appears to be in fair way to get him- 
self disliked by his fellow captains of industry. When 
the British Government asked permission to manu- 
facture his tractor for use in breaking up the parks, 
game preserves, and other idle land to raise food, 
promising that no profit should accrue to any private 
concern, and that all his patent rights should be re- 
stored after the war, he said yes, and welcome. He 
sent samples of his latest machines to France and 
England, and some of his ablest superintendents. And 
being unwilling that a moment should be lost he 
cabled details of the manufacturing, in order that the 
work might begin at once. This offer extends also to 
our own Government, though in the case of this coun- 
try it is possible that his remarkable executive ability 
would enable him to put the tractor on the market at 
a lower price than the Government would have to 
charge. But whether or not the Government of this 
country makes the tractors without royalty, it has the 
permission, just as it had the offer of Henry Ford's 
plant for war preparation. It dare not, however, ac- 
cept either offer, for that would stand in the way of 
paying war profits to other manufacturers. Is it pos- 
sible that Mr. Ford's contributions to the govern- 
ments in war will embarrass them more than his offers 
in peace? 



I 



